Social Processes Under Daily Situations (SPUDS)

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Citation article

Title:
The why behind the how: The association between motive and strategy use in interpersonal emotion regulation
Authors:
Tran, A, Greenaway, K.H., Kalokerinos, E.K.
Year of publication:
2026
Publication name:
Emotion
Volume number:
-
Issue number:
-
Page numbers:
-
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001685
Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

Study details

Baseline session:
Yes
Followup session:
No
Study design:
Participants completed a baseline survey, and the following day commenced 7 days of ESM surveys. Participants received 8 ESM surveys each day. Participants were required to respond to the survey within 30 minutes before the survey expired. Surveys were sent at semi-random intervals between 9:00 and 22:15 Including expiring time, there was at least 15 minutes between successive surveys. This project aimed to investigate how and why people engage in interpersonal emotion regulation. Items in the ESM surveys included measures around social interactions and the emotional outcomes of these interactions.
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
University of Melbourne Human Ethics Sub-Committee
Ethics protocol number:
25924
Year/s data was collected:
---
Location of participants (Countries):
Australia
Background information:
---
Languages:
English
Setting:
---
Collection platform:
---
Preregistration URL:
https://osf.io/n3ts9/overview
Days of ESM data collection:
7
Number of ESM measures per day:
8
Sampling schedule:
signal-contingent
ESM schedule start time:
9:00
ESM schedule end time:
22:15
ESM schedule duration:
---

Sample details

Type of sample:
-
Recruitment information:
Participants were recruited in the community via on campus University flyers and online advertising. To be included in this study, participants required an iPhone (iOS 8 or above) or Android phone (Android 6.0 or above) that is not an Oppo, Huawei, Xiaomi, or RealMe phone (because of issues with notifications being received on these models). They must also be based in Victoria, Australia. Participants were also excluded if they failed both instructional attention checks or an open-ended attention check in the baseline survey.
Incentives:
Participants received $7 for the baseline survey, and up to $40 for the ESM surveys. The amount of payment participant received for the ESM phase depended on how many surveys they completed. If they completed 85% or more of the surveys, they received the full payment. Participants also received a personalised report of their ESM data at the end of the study. Payment was in Australian dollars.
Exclusions:
Five participants were excluded prior to analysis based on the following pre-registered criteria: two were ineligible, voluntarily withdrew, or had technical issues making their data unusable, two did not complete any ESM surveys, and one failed the attention checks. We excluded individual ESM survey items that were responded to in less than 650ms, as well as entire surveys that had more than 50% of items responded to in under this time (Geeraerts & Kuppens, 2020 ).
Number of participants:
202

Contact info

Contact:
Anh Tran
Contact email:
anh.tran@unimelb.edu.au
Selection Variable Info Assessment type Constructs Branching
UUID Default None —
Date_Local Default None —
Time_Local Default None —
SOCINT Within the last hour, have you interacted with anyone? Default ESM —
AGE What is your age in years (please only enter a number)? Baseline —
ANX Right now, how anxious do you feel? ESM SOCINT
ANX_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
BFI_1 Tends to be quiet Baseline —
BFI_10 Has little interest in abstract ideas Baseline —
BFI_11 Is full of energy Baseline —
BFI_12 Assumes the best about people Baseline —
BFI_13 Is reliable, can always be counted on Baseline —
BFI_14 Is emotionally stable, not easily upset Baseline —
BFI_15 Is original, comes up with new ideas Baseline —
BFI_16 Is outgoing, sociable Baseline —
BFI_17 Can be cold and uncaring Baseline —
BFI_18 Keeps things neat and tidy Baseline —
BFI_19 Is relaxed, handles stress well Baseline —
BFI_2 Is compassionate, has a soft heart Baseline —
BFI_20 Has few artistic interests Baseline —
BFI_21 Prefers to have others take charge Baseline —
BFI_22 Is respectful, treats others with respect Baseline —
BFI_23 Is persistent, works until the task is finished Baseline —
BFI_24 Feels secure, comfortable with self Baseline —
BFI_25 Is complex, a deep thinker Baseline —
BFI_26 Is less active than other people Baseline —
BFI_27 Tends to find fault with others Baseline —
BFI_28 Can be somewhat careless Baseline —
BFI_29 Is temperamental, gets emotional easily Baseline —
BFI_3 Tends to be disorganized Baseline —
BFI_30 Has little creativity Baseline —
BFI_4 Worries a lot Baseline —
BFI_5 Is fascinated by art, music, or literature Baseline —
BFI_6 Is dominant, acts as a leader Baseline —
BFI_7 Is sometimes rude to others Baseline —
BFI_8 Has difficulty getting started on tasks Baseline —
BFI_9 Tends to feel depressed, blue Baseline —
CHILD Do you have any children? Baseline —
CHILD_recoded Do you have any children? Baseline —
COMPLETED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey was completed. ESM —
compliance Percentage of total ESM surveys completed, relative to total ESM surveys received ESM —
DASS21_1 I found it hard to wind down Baseline —
DASS21_10 I felt that I had nothing to look forward to Baseline —
DASS21_11 I found myself getting agitated Baseline —
DASS21_12 I found it difficult to relax Baseline —
DASS21_13 I felt down-hearted and blue Baseline —
DASS21_14 I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing Baseline —
DASS21_15 I felt I was close to panic Baseline —
DASS21_16 I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything Baseline —
DASS21_17 I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person Baseline —
DASS21_18 I felt that I was rather touchy Baseline —
DASS21_19 I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physicalexertion (eg, sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat) Baseline —
DASS21_2 I was aware of dryness of my mouth Baseline —
DASS21_20 I felt scared without any good reason Baseline —
DASS21_21 I felt that life was meaningless Baseline —
DASS21_3 I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all Baseline —
DASS21_4 I experienced breathing difficulty (eg, excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion) Baseline —
DASS21_5 I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things Baseline —
DASS21_6 I tended to over-react to situations Baseline —
DASS21_7 I experienced trembling (eg, in the hands) Baseline —
DASS21_8 I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy Baseline —
DASS21_9 I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself Baseline —
DASS21_attn If you are reading this, click on 'Never' Baseline —
DayNumber ESM phase study day ESM —
Duration Time taken to complete baseline in seconds Baseline —
ECR.RS_1 It helps to turn to people in times of need. Baseline —
ECR.RS_2 I usually discuss my problems and concerns with others. Baseline —
ECR.RS_3 I talk things over with people. Baseline —
ECR.RS_4 I find it easy to depend on others. Baseline —
ECR.RS_5 I don't feel comfortable opening up to others. Baseline —
ECR.RS_6 I prefer not to show others how I feel deep down. Baseline —
ECR.RS_7 I often worry that other people do not really care for me. Baseline —
ECR.RS_8 I'm afraid that other people may abandon me. Baseline —
ECR.RS_9 I worry that others won't care about me as much as I care about them. Baseline —
EDU What is your level of education? Baseline —
EDU_recoded What is your level of education? Coded in words Baseline —
EER_GOAL_0 How did you try to change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I did not try to change their emotions ESM SOCINT
EER_GOAL_1 How did you try to change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I tried to increase or maintain their positive emotion ESM SOCINT
EER_GOAL_2 How did you try to change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I tried to increase or maintain their negative emotion ESM SOCINT
EER_GOAL_3 How did you try to change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I tried to decrease their positive emotion ESM SOCINT
EER_GOAL_4 How did you try to change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I tried to decrease their negative emotion ESM SOCINT
EER_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_INTRO Information variables for EER variables ESM SOCINT
EER_INTRO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_STRAT_DEVALUE I ignored or invalidated their feelings ESM SOCINT
EER_STRAT_DEVALUE_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_STRAT_DIST I diverted their attention to something else ESM SOCINT
EER_STRAT_DIST_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_STRAT_INFO Information presented before ER_STRAT variables ESM SOCINT
EER_STRAT_INFO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_STRAT_REAP I helped them see things in a different way ESM SOCINT
EER_STRAT_REAP_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_STRAT_RUMI I continued talking about what was bothering them ESM SOCINT
EER_STRAT_RUMI_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_STRAT_SUPP I asked them to keep their feelings to themselves ESM SOCINT
EER_STRAT_SUPP_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_STRAT_VALUE I actively made them feel special or cared for ESM SOCINT
EER_STRAT_VALUE_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EER_WHY_1 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to make them feel better ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_10 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to punish them for something they did ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_11 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to feel better about myself ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_12 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to help them ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_13 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I did not have a reason ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_2 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to get them to achieve a goal or get something done ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_3 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to maintain or build a good relationship ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_4 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to offer clarity, perspective, or advice ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_5 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to avoid uncomfortable feelings or situations ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_6 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to feel helpful or good about myself ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_7 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted them to understand my feelings, or what I was going through ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_8 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I personally wanted to achieve a goal or get something done ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_9 Why did you change the emotions of the other person(s) during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to give them a reality check or manage their expectations ESM EER_GOAL_1 EER_GOAL_2 EER_GOAL_3 EER_GOAL_4
EER_WHY_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EMPLOY What is your employment status? Baseline —
EMPLOY_9_TEXT Employment status if specified "Other" Baseline —
EMPLOY_recoded What is your employment status? Coded in words Baseline —
EndDate_date Baseline start end date and time Baseline —
ENTHU Right now, how enthusiastic do you feel? ESM SOCINT
ENTHU_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
EROS_1 I gave someone helpful advice to try to improve how they felt Baseline —
EROS_2 I told someone about their shortcomings to try to make them feel worse Baseline —
EROS_3 I did something nice with someone to try to make them feel better Baseline —
EROS_4 I acted annoyed towards someone to try to make them feel worse Baseline —
EROS_5 I explained to someone how they had hurt myself or others, to try to make the person feel worse Baseline —
EROS_6 I discussed someone's positive characteristics to try to improve how they felt Baseline —
EROS_7 I made someone laugh to try to make them feel better Baseline —
EROS_8 I listened to someone's problems to try to improve how they felt Baseline —
EROS_9 I spent time with someone to try to improve how they felt Baseline —
ESL Is English your first or native language? Baseline —
ESL_recoded Is English your first or native language? Baseline —
EXPIRED_TS Date and time ESM survey expired ESM —
Finished Whether the baseline was finished or not Baseline —
GENDER I identify my gender as... Baseline —
GENDER_4_TEXT Prefer to self-identify (text entry) Baseline —
GENDER_recoded I identify my gender as... Baseline —
GRA Right now, how grateful do you feel? ESM SOCINT
GRA_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
GUILT Right now, how guilty do you feel? ESM SOCINT
GUILT_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
HOUSEHOLD How many people, including you, live in your household? Please only enter a number. Baseline —
IER_GOAL_0 How did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I did not turn to them to change my emotions ESM SOCINT
IER_GOAL_1 How did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I turned to them to increase or maintain my positive emotion ESM SOCINT
IER_GOAL_2 How did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I turned to them to increase or maintain my negative emotion ESM SOCINT
IER_GOAL_3 How did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I turned to them to decrease my positive emotion ESM SOCINT
IER_GOAL_4 How did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I turned to them to decrease my negative emotion ESM SOCINT
IER_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_INTRO The following questions ask about how you tried to manage your own emotions by turning to the other person(s) during your most significant interaction. ESM SOCINT
IER_INTRO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_STRAT_DEVALUE They ignored or invalidated my feelings ESM SOCINT
IER_STRAT_DEVALUE_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_STRAT_DIST They diverted my attention to something else ESM SOCINT
IER_STRAT_DIST_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_STRAT_INFO Information variable for IER_STRAT variables ESM SOCINT
IER_STRAT_INFO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_STRAT_REAP They helped me see things in a different way ESM SOCINT
IER_STRAT_REAP_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_STRAT_RUMI They continued talking about what was bothering me ESM SOCINT
IER_STRAT_RUMI_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_STRAT_SUPP They asked me to keep my feelings to myself ESM SOCINT
IER_STRAT_SUPP_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_STRAT_VALUE They actively made me feel special or cared for ESM SOCINT
IER_STRAT_VALUE_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
IER_WHY_1 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to feel better ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_10 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted them to validate how I felt ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_11 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted their attention ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_12 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to feel powerful ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_13 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I did not have a reason ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_2 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to achieve a goal or get something done ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_3 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to maintain or build a good relationship ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_4 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to seek clarity, perspective, or advice ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_5 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to seek comfort or reassurance ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_6 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted their help to resolve something ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_7 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to understand their feelings or what they were going through ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_8 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted them to give me a reality check or manage my expectations ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_9 Why did you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions during this interaction? Please select all that apply: I wanted to punish myself for something I did ESM IER_GOAL_1 IER_GOAL_2 IER_GOAL_3 IER_GOAL_4
IER_WHY_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
inter_survey_interval Time in minutes between current ESM survey and previous ESM survey ESM —
IRQ_1 When something bad happens, my first impulse is to seek out the company of others. Baseline —
IRQ_10 When something good happens, my first impulse is to tell someone about it. Baseline —
IRQ_11 When things are going well, I feel compelled to seek out other people. Baseline —
IRQ_12 When I want to celebrate something good, I seek out certain people to tell them about it. Baseline —
IRQ_13 I’m happier when I’m with my friends than when I’m by myself. Baseline —
IRQ_14 Being with other people tends to put a smile on my face. Baseline —
IRQ_15 I find that even just being around other people can help me to feel better Baseline —
IRQ_16 I really enjoy being around the people I know. Baseline —
IRQ_2 When I’m having trouble, I cannot wait to tell someone about it. Baseline —
IRQ_3 I just have to get help from someone when things are going wrong. Baseline —
IRQ_4 I manage my emotions by expressing them to others. Baseline —
IRQ_5 I appreciate having others’ support through difficult times. Baseline —
IRQ_6 Sometimes I just need someone to understand where I’m coming from. Baseline —
IRQ_7 It really helps me feel better during stressful situations when someone knows and cares about what I’m going through. Baseline —
IRQ_8 I really appreciate having other people to help me figure out my problems. Baseline —
IRQ_9 When things are going well, I just have to tell other people about it. Baseline —
IRR Right now, how irritated do you feel? ESM SOCINT
IRR_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
LONE Right now, how lonely do you feel? ESM SOCINT
LONE_EMO Right now, how much do you miss having a really close friend? ESM SOCINT
LONE_EMO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
LONE_PHY Right now, how much do you miss the pleasure of the company of others? ESM SOCINT
LONE_PHY_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
LONE_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
LONE_SOC Right now, how much do you feel that there are enough people you feel close to? ESM SOCINT
LONE_SOC_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
NATION What is your nationality? Baseline —
NOEER_DES Would you have liked to change the emotions of the other person(s)? ESM EER_GOAL_0
NOEER_DES_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
NOEER_WHY_1 Why didn’t you try to change the emotions of the other person(s)? Please select all that apply: It was too difficult ESM EER_GOAL_0
NOEER_WHY_2 Why didn’t you try to change the emotions of the other person(s)? Please select all that apply: I didn't want to ESM EER_GOAL_0
NOEER_WHY_3 Why didn’t you try to change the emotions of the other person(s)? Please select all that apply: I had another reason ESM EER_GOAL_0
NOEER_WHY_4 Why didn’t you try to change the emotions of the other person(s)? Please select all that apply: I didn't have a reason ESM EER_GOAL_0
NOEER_WHY_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
NOIER_DES Would you have liked to turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions? ESM IER_GOAL_0
NOIER_DES_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
NOIER_WHY_1 Why didn’t you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions? Please select all that apply: It was too difficult ESM IER_GOAL_0
NOIER_WHY_2 Why didn’t you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions? Please select all that apply: I didn't want to ESM IER_GOAL_0
NOIER_WHY_3 Why didn’t you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions? Please select all that apply: I had another reason ESM IER_GOAL_0
NOIER_WHY_4 Why didn’t you turn to the other person(s) to change your emotions? Please select all that apply: I didn't have a reason ESM IER_GOAL_0
NOIER_WHY_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
NOPER_WHY_1 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I didn't know what to do with my emotions ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_10 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I didn't know how to change my emotions ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_11 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I didn't pay attention to my emotions ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_2 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I was tired or didn't have the energy to change my emotions ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_3 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I liked feeling that way ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_4 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: It didn't occur to me to change my emotions ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_5 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I didn't believe I could change my emotions ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_6 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: trying to change my emotions is not something I often do ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_7 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: It wasn't the right time or place ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_8 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: It was easier not to ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_9 Why didn’t you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I didn't think I should change my emotions ESM PER_GOAL_0
NOPER_WHY_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
NOSOCINT_INFO Information about "NO SO branched items ESM SOCINT
NOSOCINT_INFO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
number_completed Total number of ESM surveys completed by the participant across the study ESM —
number_sent Total number of ESM surveys sent to the participant across the study ESM —
PAIN How much pain do you have right now? ESM SOCINT
PAIN_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
PER_CTRL_EMO How much control did you have over these emotions? ESM SOCINT
PER_CTRL_EMO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
PER_CTRL_SIT How much control did you have over the situation that caused these emotions? ESM SOCINT
PER_CTRL_SIT_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
PER_EMO How intense were these emotions? ESM SOCINT
PER_EMO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
PER_GOAL_0 How did you change your emotions during this situation? Please select all that apply: I did not try to change my emotions ESM SOCINT
PER_GOAL_1 How did you change your emotions during this situation? Please select all that apply: I tried to increase or maintain my positive emotion ESM SOCINT
PER_GOAL_2 How did you change your emotions during this situation? Please select all that apply: I tried to increase or maintain my negative emotion ESM SOCINT
PER_GOAL_3 How did you change your emotions during this situation? Please select all that apply: I tried to decrease my positive emotion ESM SOCINT
PER_GOAL_4 How did you change your emotions during this situation? Please select all that apply: I tried to decrease my negative emotion ESM SOCINT
PER_GOAL_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
PER_INFO Information about presented before PER items ESM SOCINT
PER_INFO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
PER_WHY_1 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I wanted to increase my immediate pleasure ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_2 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I wanted to increase my immediate displeasure ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_3 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I wanted to do something ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_4 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I wanted to learn something ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_5 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I wanted to build or maintain my social relationships ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_6 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I wanted to grow as a person ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_7 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I had another reason ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_8 Why did you try to change your emotion? Please select all that apply: I didn't have a reason ESM PER_GOAL_1 PER_GOAL_2 PER_GOAL_3 PER_GOAL_4
PER_WHY_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RACE_1 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. White or Caucasian Baseline —
RACE_10 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Other (please specify; text entry) Baseline —
RACE_10_TEXT What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Other (please specify; text entry) Baseline —
RACE_2 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Latino or Hispanic Baseline —
RACE_3 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Baseline —
RACE_4 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. East Asian Baseline —
RACE_5 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. South Asian Baseline —
RACE_6 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. South-East Asian Baseline —
RACE_7 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Black or African American Baseline —
RACE_8 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. Middle Eastern Baseline —
RACE_9 What is your ethnicity? Please select all that apply. African Baseline —
RACE_recoded What is your ethnicity? Coded in words Baseline —
RecordedDate Date and Time baseline completed Baseline —
RELATE What is your relationship status? Baseline —
RELATE_6_TEXT Relationship status if specfied "Other" Baseline —
RELATE_recoded What is your relationship status? Coded in words Baseline —
RESS_ACC I accepted my emotions as they were ESM SOCINT
RESS_ACC_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RESS_DIST I engaged in activities to distract myself ESM SOCINT
RESS_DIST_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RESS_INFO Information presented before RESS variables ESM SOCINT
RESS_INFO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RESS_REAP I thought of other ways to interpret the situation ESM SOCINT
RESS_REAP_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RESS_RELX I tried to slow my heart rate and breathing ESM SOCINT
RESS_RELX_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RESS_RUMI I continually thought about what was making me emotional ESM SOCINT
RESS_RUMI_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RESS_SUPP I made an effort to hide my feelings ESM SOCINT
RESS_SUPP_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
RLX Right now, how relaxed do you feel? ESM SOCINT
RLX_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SAD Right now, how sad do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SAD_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SCHEDULED_TS Date and time ESM survey scheduled ESM —
SCHEDULED_TS_d Date and time survey scheduled ESM —
SCHEDULED_TS_dt_lag Date and time previous survey scheduled ESM —
SELF_EFF Right now, how much do you feel like you could reach out to other people if you wanted to? ESM SOCINT
SELF_EFF_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_ANX Right now, when thinking about the interaction, how anxious do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_ANX_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_ENTHU Right now, when thinking about the interaction, how enthusiastic do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_ENTHU_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_GRA Right now, when thinking about the interaction, how grateful do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_GRA_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_GUILT Right now, when thinking about the interaction, how guilty do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_GUILT_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_INFO Social interaction variables information text ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_INFO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_IRR Right now, when thinking about the interaction, how irritated do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_IRR_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_REL_1 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. Friend ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_2 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. Family member ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_3 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. Romantic partner ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_4 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. Co-worker/classmate ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_5 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. Housemate (who is not a family member or friend) ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_6 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. Neighbour ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_7 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. A stranger ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_8 What is your relationship with the person(s) you interacted with? Select all that apply. Other ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_REL_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_RLX Right now, when thinking about the interaction, how relaxed do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_RLX_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_SAD Right now, when thinking about the interaction, how sad do you feel? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_SAD_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
SOCINT_TYPE Did this interaction happen in person or digitally/virtually? ESM SOCINT
SOCINT_TYPE_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
StartDate_date Baseline start date and time Baseline —
STARTED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey was started. ESM —
survey_completed Whether the survey was completed or not ESM —
SurveyNumber Number of survey received by participant ESM —
SWLS_1 In most ways my life is close to my ideal. Baseline —
SWLS_2 The conditions of my life are excellent. Baseline —
SWLS_3 I am satisfied with my life. Baseline —
SWLS_4 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. Baseline —
SWLS_5 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Baseline —
TMZ Particpant time zone ESM —
TOTAL_RT Total response time for ESM survey (in ms) ESM —
UCLA_1 I am unhappy doing so many things alone Baseline —
UCLA_10 I feel left out Baseline —
UCLA_11 I feel completely alone Baseline —
UCLA_12 I am unable to reach out and communicate with those around me Baseline —
UCLA_13 My social relationships are superficial Baseline —
UCLA_14 I feel starved for company Baseline —
UCLA_15 No one really knows me well Baseline —
UCLA_16 I feel isolated from others Baseline —
UCLA_17 I am unhappy being so withdrawn Baseline —
UCLA_18 It is difficult for me to make friends Baseline —
UCLA_19 I feel shut out and excluded by others Baseline —
UCLA_2 I have nobody to talk to Baseline —
UCLA_20 People are around me but not with me Baseline —
UCLA_3 I cannot tolerate being so alone Baseline —
UCLA_4 I lack companionship Baseline —
UCLA_5 I feel as if nobody really understands me Baseline —
UCLA_6 I find myself waiting for people to get in touch Baseline —
UCLA_7 There is no one I can turn to Baseline —
UCLA_8 I am no longer close to anyone Baseline —
UCLA_9 My interests and ideas are not shared by those around me Baseline —
VIC Right now, I identify with Victorians ESM SOCINT
VIC_INFO To end the survey, we would like to know how you currently feel about living in Victoria ESM SOCINT
VIC_INFO_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —
VIC_RT Response time for relevant variable (in ms) ESM —

Publications

Main Publication

The why behind the how: The association between motive and strategy use in interpersonal emotion regulation

Title:
The why behind the how: The association between motive and strategy use in interpersonal emotion regulation
Authors:
Tran, A, Greenaway, K.H., Kalokerinos, E.K.
Year of publication:
2026
Publication name:
Emotion
Volume number:
-
Issue number:
-
Page numbers:
-
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001685
Publication type:
Refereed Journal Article

IS 20/07/2025: Date and Time Local variables have been updated. These variables now represent scheduled timepoints, instead of completed timepoints.

 

IS 05/03/2026: UUID variable changed from a sequential ID to a randomly generated ID