Goals, Emotions, Moods, and Strategies (GEMS) 2024

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Citation article

Title:
Exploring Reasons Why People Don't Regulate Their Emotions
Authors:
Uchida, A., Greenaway, K. H., Tran, A., Tamir, M., & Kalokerinos, E. K.
Year of publication:
2025
Publication name:
PrePrint
Volume number:
-
Issue number:
-
Page numbers:
-
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q6y5a_v1
Publication type:
Additional Research Output

Study details

Baseline session:
Yes
Followup session:
No
Study design:
Participants completed a baseline questionnaire on Day 0 and then the following day commenced 7 days of experience sampling surveys where participants were prompted to complete 10 ESM surveys each day. In the baseline session, participants were asked a range of demographic questions and validated global self-report individual difference questions. The ESM surveys included a range of emotion related items which measured current affect, emotion-regulation strategies and intentions to regulate emotion. Each experience sampling survey asked the same set of items, however some follow up questions were only presented depending on participants' responses to previous items .
ESM measurement waves:
1
Ethics granting body:
The University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee
Ethics protocol number:
29583
Year/s data was collected:
2024
Location of participants (Countries):
Australia
Background information:
---
Languages:
English
Setting:
---
Collection platform:
---
Preregistration URL:
https://osf.io/yjnc4/
Days of ESM data collection:
7
Number of ESM measures per day:
10
Sampling schedule:
signal-contingent
ESM schedule start time:
Participants selected from three start times: 7:30, 8:30 or 9:30
ESM schedule end time:
21:30, 22:30 or 23:30. The end time of the surveys depended on what start time participants selected so that all participants received surveys within a 14 hour period.
ESM schedule duration:
---

Sample details

Type of sample:
Participants were aged between 18 and 66. 80% of participants identified as female, 17% as male, and approximately 3% either identified as non-binary or preferred not to identify their gender.
Recruitment information:
Participants were primarily recruited from the community (N=324) via online and in-person advertisements (e.g., University of Melbourne newsletters, flyers). A small number of participants (N=2) were recruited from a research experience program within the University of Melbourne psychology department, where undergraduate psychology students receive course credits for participating in research. Inclusion criteria included being over 18 years of age, within the Australian Standard Time Zone and participants were required to have a compatible iOS (8 or higher) or Android (6.0 or higher) phone. Participants were also required to pass baseline attention checks.
Incentives:
Community participants were reimbursed up to $70 in online gift vouchers for participation. University research experience participants received course credit for their participation. Both groups of participants received a set amount of either $20 or 0.5 course credits for completing the baseline session. The amount of credit/payment participants received for the ESM phase of the study depended on how many ESM surveys they completed. Payment was in Australian dollars.
Exclusions:
Initially, 333 participants were recruited for the study. 7 participants were excluded from the study. Of these excluded participants, 5 were excluded as they were outside the Australian Eastern Standard Time zone which was a requirement of the study. 1 participant was excluded due to failing baseline attention checks and 1 participant was excluded for not completing any ESM surveys. We excluded 1009 ESM surveys in which the average response time per item was 1000ms or faster which indicated careless responding.
Number of participants:
326

Contact info

Contact:
Peter Koval
Contact email:
p.koval@unimelb.edu.au
Selection Variable Info Assessment type Constructs Branching
UUID Default None —
Date_Local Default None —
Time_Local Default None —
AFFECT_INTRO The first set of questions ask about how you're feeling right now. ESM —
AFFECT_INTRO_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
AGE What is your age in years? Baseline AGE DEMOGRAPHICS —
ANG How angry do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT ANGER NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
ANG_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
ANX How anxious do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT ANXIETY NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
ANX_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
ATT_CHECK Based on the text you read above, what is your favourite drink? Baseline ATTENTION_CHECK —
BFI_1 Tends to be quiet Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_10 Has little interest in abstract ideas Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_11 Is full of energy Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_12 Assumes the best about people Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_13 Is reliable, can always be counted on Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_14 Is emotionally stable, not easily upset Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_15 Is original, comes up with new ideas Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_16 Is outgoing, sociable Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_17 Can be cold and uncaring Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_18 Keeps things neat and tidy Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_19 Is relaxed, handles stress well Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_2 Is compassionate, has a soft heart Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_20 Has few artistic interests Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_21 Prefers to have others take charge Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_22 Is respectful, treats others with respect Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_23 Is persistent, works until the task is finished Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_24 Feels secure, comfortable with self Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_25 Is complex, a deep thinker Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_26 Is less active than other people Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_27 Tends to find fault with others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_28 Can be somewhat careless Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_29 Is temperamental, gets emotional easily Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_3 Tends to be disorganized Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_30 Has little creativity Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_31 This question is to make sure you are reading. Please select 'Disagree strongly' Baseline ATTENTION_CHECK —
BFI_4 Worries a lot Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
BFI_5 Is fascinated by art, music, or literature Baseline OPENNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_6 Is dominant, acts as a leader Baseline EXTRAVERSION PERSONALITY —
BFI_7 Is sometimes rude to others Baseline AGREEABLENESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_8 Has difficulty getting started on tasks Baseline CONSCIENTIOUSNESS PERSONALITY —
BFI_9 Tends to feel depressed, blue Baseline NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY —
CESD_R_1 My appetite was poor. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_10 I lost interest in my usual activities. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_11 I slept much more than usual. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_12 I felt like I was moving too slowly. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_13 I felt fidgety. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_14 I was tired all the time. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_15 I did not like myself. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_16 I lost a lot of weight without trying to. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_17 I had a lot of trouble getting to sleep. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_18 I could not focus on the important things. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_2 I could not shake off the blues. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_3 I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_4 I felt depressed. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_5 My sleep was restless. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_6 I felt sad. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_7 I could not get going. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_8 Nothing made me happy. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
CESD_R_9 I felt like a bad person. Baseline DEPRESSION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS —
COMPLETED_DATE_TIME Date and time the survey was completed ESM —
COMPLETED_DATE_TIME Date and time baseline complete Baseline —
CONSENT I have read the above information and consent to participate in this project (please select one) Baseline —
CREATED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey created ESM —
CTRL_NEG In the last hour, how much control did you have over your negative feelings? ESM CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS ER_TRY
CTRL_NEG_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
CTRL_POS In the last hour, how much control did you have over your positive feelings? ESM CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS ER_TRY
CTRL_POS_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
DEC_NEG In the past hour, how much did you try to decrease your negative feelings? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION_EFFORT EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL HEDONIC —
DEC_NEG_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
DEC_POS In the past hour, how much did you try to decrease your positive feelings? ESM CONTRAHEDONIC EMOTION_REGULATION_EFFORT EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL —
DEC_POS_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
DIST In the last hour, have you distracted yourself from your feelings (or their cause)? ESM DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
DIST_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
EAL Is English your first language? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS LANGUAGE —
EBQ_1 Once people are experiencing negative emotions, there is nothing they can do about modifying them Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EBQ_10 It doesn’t matter how hard people try, they cannot change their positive emotions Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EBQ_11 Negative emotions are harmful Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_12 People don’t need their positive emotions Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_13 People cannot learn techniques to effectively control their negative emotions Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EBQ_14 Once people are experiencing positive emotions, there is nothing they can do about modifying them Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EBQ_15 The presence of negative emotions is a bad thing for people Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_16 Positive emotions are harmful Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_2 People cannot control their positive emotions Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EBQ_3 There is very little use for negative emotions Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_4 Positive emotions are very unhelpful to people Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_5 It doesn’t matter how hard people try, they cannot change their negative emotions Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EBQ_6 People cannot learn techniques to effectively control their positive emotions Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EBQ_7 People don’t need their negative emotions Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_8 There is very little use for positive emotions Baseline EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS —
EBQ_9 People cannot control their negative emotions Baseline CONTROLLABILITY EMOTION_BELIEFS —
EMO_CHOICE_1 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Sad ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_10 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Loving ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_11 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Relaxed ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_12 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Grateful ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_2 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Tired ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_3 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Lonely ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_4 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Guilty ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_5 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Angry ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_6 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Stressed ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_7 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Anxious ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_8 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Happy ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_9 Which feelings are you experiencing in relation to a situation/event/person? Select all that apply: Energetic ESM MOOD_V_EMO
EMO_CHOICE_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
ENERG How energetic do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT ENERGETIC POSITIVE_AFFECT —
ENERG_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
ER_INTRO The last set of questions ask to what extent you have done various things with the aim of influencing/changing your feelings, in the last hour. ESM —
ER_INTRO_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
ER_TRY In the past hour, did you try to influence your feelings? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EMOTION_REGULATION_ATTEMPT IDENTIFICATION —
ER_TRY_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
ESM_SCHEDULE Participant's ESM survey schedule Baseline —
ETHN What is your ethnicity? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS ETHNICITY —
ETHN_OTHER Ethnicity if specified "Other" in ETHN variable Baseline —
GAD7_1 Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
GAD7_2 Not being able to stop or control worrying Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
GAD7_3 Worrying too much about different things Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
GAD7_4 Trouble relaxing Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
GAD7_5 Being so restless that it's hard to sit still Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
GAD7_6 Becoming easily annoyed or irritable Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
GAD7_7 Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen Baseline ANXIETY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY —
GENDER What is your gender? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS GENDER —
GRATE How grateful do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT GRATITUDE POSITIVE_AFFECT —
GRATE_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
GUILT How guilty do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT GUILT NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
GUILT_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
HAP How happy do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT HAPPINESS POSITIVE_AFFECT —
HAP_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
INC_NEG In the past hour, how much did you try to increase your negative feelings? ESM CONTRAHEDONIC EMOTION_REGULATION_EFFORT EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL —
INC_NEG_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
INC_POS In the past hour, how much did you try to increase your positive feelings? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION_EFFORT EMOTION_REGULATION_GOAL HEDONIC —
INC_POS_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
INF_MOT_1 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: To feel better ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_2 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: To feel worse ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_3 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: To do/achieve something (e.g., work or study) ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_4 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: To build or maintain a social relationship ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_5 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: To help me pursue another personally important goal ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_6 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: To learn something ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_7 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: To grow as a person ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_8 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: I don’t have a reason ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_9 Please tell us why you tried to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: Another reason not listed here ESM ER_TRY
INF_MOT_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
INTER_SURVEY_INTERVAL Time in minutes between momentary and previous ESM survey ESM —
LOC_1 Whether or not I get to be a leader depends mostly on my ability Baseline —
LOC_10 I have often found that what is going to happen will happen Baseline —
LOC_11 My life is chiefly controlled by powerful others Baseline —
LOC_12 Whether or not I get into a car accident is mostly a matter of luck Baseline —
LOC_13 People like myself have very little chance of protecting our personal interests when they conflict with those of strong pressure groups Baseline —
LOC_14 It’s not always wise for me to plan too far ahead because many things turn out to be a matter of good or bad fortune Baseline —
LOC_15 Getting what I want requires pleasing those people above me Baseline —
LOC_16 Whether or not I get to be a leader depends on whether I’m lucky enough to be in the right place at the right time Baseline —
LOC_17 If important people were to decide they didn’t like me, I probably wouldn’t make many friends Baseline —
LOC_18 I can pretty much determine what will happen in my life Baseline —
LOC_19 I am usually able to protect my personal interests Baseline —
LOC_2 To a great extent my life is controlled by accidental happenings Baseline —
LOC_20 Whether or not I get into a car accident depends mostly on the other driver Baseline —
LOC_21 When I get what I want, it’s usually because I worked hard for it Baseline —
LOC_22 In order to have my plans work, I make sure that they fit in with the desires of people who have power over me Baseline —
LOC_23 My life is determined by my own actions Baseline —
LOC_24 It’s chiefly a matter of fate whether or not I have a few friends or many friends Baseline —
LOC_3 I feel like what happens in my life is mostly determined by powerful people Baseline —
LOC_4 Whether or not I get into a car accident depends mostly on how good a driver I am Baseline —
LOC_5 When I make plans, I am almost certain to make them work Baseline —
LOC_6 Often there is no chance of protecting my personal interests from bad luck Baseline —
LOC_7 When I get what I want, it’s usually because I’m lucky Baseline —
LOC_8 Although I might have good ability, I will not be given leadership responsibility without appealing to those in positions of power Baseline —
LOC_9 How many friends I have depends on how nice a person I am Baseline —
LONE How lonely do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT LONELINESS NEGATIVE_AFFECT —
LONE_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
LOV How loving do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT LOVE POSITIVE_AFFECT —
LOV_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
MOOD_CAUSE_1 What are your current feelings related to? Select all that apply: Body/ physical sensations ESM MOOD_V_EMO
MOOD_CAUSE_2 What are your current feelings related to? Select all that apply: Personality ESM MOOD_V_EMO
MOOD_CAUSE_3 What are your current feelings related to? Select all that apply: World in general ESM MOOD_V_EMO
MOOD_CAUSE_4 What are your current feelings related to? Select all that apply: Past feelings ESM MOOD_V_EMO
MOOD_CAUSE_5 What are your current feelings related to? Select all that apply: Don’t know ESM MOOD_V_EMO
MOOD_CAUSE_6 What are your current feelings related to? Select all that apply: Other ESM MOOD_V_EMO
MOOD_CAUSE_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
MOOD_V_EMO Are any of your current feelings related to a situation/event/person? ESM —
MOOD_V_EMO_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
NATION What is your nationality? (e.g. Australian) Baseline —
NATION_OTHER Nationality if selected "Other" Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS NATIONALITY —
NO_INF_MOT_1 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: My feelings were valid ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_10 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: I don’t have a reason ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_11 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: Another reason not listed here ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_2 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: There was nothing I could do in the situation ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_3 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: My feelings were too strong ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_4 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: It didn’t cross my mind ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_5 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: I didn’t want to make things worse ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_6 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: I was focused on others ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_7 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: I didn’t know how ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_8 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: There were none to influence ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_9 Please tell us why you didn’t try to influence your feelings. Select all that apply: I wanted to use my feelings to help me do something ESM ER_TRY
NO_INF_MOT_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
PAQ_1 When I’m feeling bad (feeling an unpleasant emotion), I can’t find the right words to describe those feelings Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_10 When I’m feeling good, I can’t talk about those feelings in much depth or detail Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_11 When I’m feeling good, I can’t make sense of those feelings Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_12 Usually, I try to avoid thinking about what I’m feeling Baseline —
PAQ_13 When something bad happens, it’s hard for me to put into words how I’m feeling Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_14 When I’m feeling bad, I get confused about what emotion it is Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_15 I prefer to focus on things I can actually see or touch, rather than my emotions Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_16 When something good happens, it’s hard for me to put into words how I’m feeling Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_17 When I’m feeling good, I get confused about what emotion it is Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_18 I don’t try to be ‘in touch’ with my emotions Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_19 When I’m feeling bad, if I try to describe how I’m feeling I don’t know what to say Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_2 When I’m feeling bad, I can’t tell whether I’m sad, angry, or scared Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_20 When I’m feeling bad, I’m puzzled by those feelings Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_21 It’s not important for me to know what I’m feeling Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_22 When I’m feeling good, if I try to describe how I’m feeling I don’t know what to say Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_23 When I’m feeling good, I’m puzzled by those feelings Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_24 It’s strange for me to think about my emotions Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_3 I tend to ignore how I feel Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_4 When I’m feeling good (feeling a pleasant emotion), I can’t find the right words to describe those feelings Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_5 When I’m feeling good, I can’t tell whether I’m happy, excited, or amused Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_6 I prefer to just let my feelings happen in the background, rather than focus on them Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_7 When I’m feeling bad, I can’t talk about those feelings in much depth or detail Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_8 When I’m feeling bad, I can’t make sense of those feelings Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PAQ_9 I don’t pay attention to my emotions Baseline ALEXITHYMIA EMOTION_DIFFERENTIATION EMOTION_INTELLIGENCE —
PHONE To make sure you can participate, please tell us what type of smartphone you have. Baseline —
REAP In the last hour, have you thought of other ways to interpret your feelings (or their cause)? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
REAP_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
RELAT What is your relationship status? Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS RELATIONSHIP —
RESS_1 Thinking repeatedly about what was bothering me Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RESS_10 Continually thinking about what was bothering me Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RESS_11 Making sure no one could tell what I was feeling Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
RESS_12 Doing something else to distract myself Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
RESS_13 Trying to see the emotional event from a different perspective Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
RESS_14 Pretending I was not upset Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
RESS_15 Going over the emotional event again and again in my mind Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RESS_16 Looking at the emotional event from a different perspective Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
RESS_17 Identifying different angles to see the situation Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
RESS_18 Thinking of other ways to interpret the situation Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION REAPPRAISAL STRATEGY —
RESS_19 Engaging in something else to keep busy Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
RESS_2 Using facial expressions to show that I was upset Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
RESS_20 Hiding my feelings Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
RESS_21 Taking deep breaths Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RELAXATION STRATEGY —
RESS_22 Continually trying to decide what went wrong Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RESS_23 Engaging in activities to distract myself Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
RESS_24 Decreasing the tension in my body Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RELAXATION STRATEGY —
RESS_25 This question is to make sure you are reading. Please select 'Always' Baseline ATTENTION_CHECK —
RESS_3 Acting like I was not upset Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
RESS_4 Letting my emotions show Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSION STRATEGY —
RESS_5 Vocalizing how I was feeling Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSION STRATEGY —
RESS_6 Focusing on slowing my heart rate and breathing Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RELAXATION STRATEGY —
RESS_7 Showing my feelings Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSION STRATEGY —
RESS_8 Trying to slow my heart rate and breathing Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RELAXATION STRATEGY —
RESS_9 Immediately working on something to keep myself busy Baseline DISTRACTION EMOTION_REGULATION STRATEGY —
RLX How relaxed do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT POSITIVE_AFFECT RELAXATION —
RLX_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
RRS_1 Think “What am I doing to deserve this?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_10 Go someplace alone to think about your feelings Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_2 Think “Why do I always react this way?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_3 Think about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_4 Think “Why do I have problems other people don’t have?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_5 Think “Why can’t I handle things better?” Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_6 Analyse recent events to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_7 Go away by yourself and think about why you feel this way Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_8 Write down what you are thinking and analyse it Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RRS_9 Analyse your personality to try to understand why you are depressed Baseline EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RUM In the last hour, have you continually thought about your feelings (or their cause)? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION RUMINATION STRATEGY —
RUM_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
SAD How sad do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT SADNESS —
SAD_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
SCHEDULED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey scheduled ESM —
SCHEDULED_LAG_DATETIME Date and time of previous scheduled survey ESM —
SES_LADDER Please select a number that corresponds to a position on the rung, that reflects where you think you stand at this time in your life relative to other people in Australia. Baseline DEMOGRAPHICS SOCIO_ECONOMIC —
SITSEL In the last hour, have you chosen which situation(s) to put yourself in? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION SITUATION_SELECTION STRATEGY —
SITSEL_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
SOC_INT In the last hour, who were you mostly with? ESM SOCIAL SOCIAL_INTERACTION —
SOC_INT_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
SOCSHR In the last hour, have you talked with someone about your feelings? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION SOCIAL_SHARING STRATEGY —
SOCSHR_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
STARTED_DATE_TIME Date and time ESM survey started ESM —
STR How stressed do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT STRESS —
STR_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
SUPR In the last hour, have you avoided expressing your feelings? ESM EMOTION_REGULATION EXPRESSIVE_SUPPRESSION STRATEGY —
SUPR_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
SURVEY_COMPLETED Whether the ESM survey was completed ESM —
SURVEY_NUMBER Sequential survey number ESM —
SWLS_1 In most ways my life is close to my ideal. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_2 The conditions of my life are excellent. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_3 I am satisfied with my life. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_4 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
SWLS_5 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Baseline HEDONIC LIFE_SATISFACTION WELL_BEING —
TIR How tired do you feel right now? ESM AFFECT NEGATIVE_AFFECT TIRED —
TIR_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
TOTAL_RT Total response time in ms ESM —
TOTAL_SURVEYS_COMPLETED Total number of ESM surveys completed by the participant ESM —
TOTAL_SURVEYS_SENT Total number of ESM surveys sent to particpant ESM —
ULS_4_1 Is unhappy doing so many things alone Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
ULS_4_2 Has superficial social relationships Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
ULS_4_3 No one really knows me well Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
ULS_4_4 Finds it difficult to make friends Baseline LONELINESS SOCIAL —
UPLOADED_DATE_TIME Date and time uploaded ESM —
USFL_NEG In the last hour, how helpful were your negative feelings? ESM EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS ER_TRY
USFL_NEG_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —
USFL_POS In the last hour, how helpful were your positive feelings? ESM EMOTION_BELIEFS USEFULNESS ER_TRY
USFL_POS_RT Response time for the relevant variable. ESM —

Publications

Main Publication

Exploring Reasons Why People Don't Regulate Their Emotions

Title:
Exploring Reasons Why People Don't Regulate Their Emotions
Authors:
Uchida, A., Greenaway, K. H., Tran, A., Tamir, M., & Kalokerinos, E. K.
Year of publication:
2025
Publication name:
PrePrint
Volume number:
-
Issue number:
-
Page numbers:
-
DOI or URL:
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q6y5a_v1
Publication type:
Additional Research Output

Additional publications

  • Sels, L., Debeer, D., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2025) Men Do Not Suppress Emotions More than Women in Everyday Life: Evidence from Large Scale Experience-Sampling Data. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3vxzj_v1
  • Tran, A., Freeman-Robinson, R., Koval, P., Greenaway, K. H., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2025) Context Matters, Doesn’t It? The Role of Context in Everyday Emotion Regulation Strategy Use. PsyArXiv.  https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/axzk6_v1
CSV / data file
Published CSV version v5 since v4 had missing rows.

Why: when changing from v3 to v4, there might have been an error or human mistake since V4’s final row is cut off after the nationality column. Only 296 of 344 fields are present, so its uuid is missing. raw file ends with a dangling comma and no completed record. Simply used the original code to create new v5 that includes all uuid while doing the same action as v3 to v4.

Show details

Version v2 · hash ac60cf0d1403… · Gems_v5.csv

CSV / data file
Draft CSV uploaded (v4)
Show details

Version v2 · hash ac60cf0d1403… · Gems_v5.csv

Legacy change log

Historical notes from before the structured change log. Admins can transcribe these into timed entries above.

IS 05/06/2025: Updated dataset based on an error in the pre-processing code that meant that not all surveys that were completed too fast were removed. 

IS 20/07/2025: Date and Time Local variables have been updated from completed time point to scheduled time point. 

IS 23/10/2025: NATION_OTHER variable was initally incorrectly labelled as NATION, I have now unhidden the NATION variable and NATION_OTHER is now the text entry variable if particpants specified "Other".

IS 5/03/2026: ID variable has been changed from a sequential ID to a randomly generated ID

KG 30/05/2026: Date Local variable was inconsistently formatted and 'classed'. All Date_local values are now formatted as DD/MM/YYYY and are classed as "date".